Sea floor temperature restrict – half 3 – watts with it?

This is a three-part series that analyzes the role of atmospheric water in regulating the Earth’s thermal balance.

Part 1 An analysis of the temperature of warm pools in the tropical ocean and the processes of temperature limitation

Part 2 Explains the mechanism of deep convection and concludes with the persistence of clouds over the warm pools of the ocean.

part 3 Investigates the global energy balance of the oceans over an annual cycle from month to month to determine the role of atmospheric water in regulating the energy balance.

Part 3: The role of atmospheric water – albedo trumps long-wave absorption and re-emission

An investigation of the electromagnetic radiation power flow of the atmosphere over the oceans over a period of twelve months from August 2019 to July 2020 shows that water in the atmosphere caused a net radiation energy loss over the annual cycle.

The cooling or warming effect of atmospheric water has been found to respond to the ocean’s surface temperature with a delay of a little less than a month. The gradient of the radiation power loss in relation to the amount of atmospheric water varies from month to month and is introduced here as the Atmospheric Water Cooling Coefficient (AWCC).

(All data provided for this study is available on NASA’s Earth Observations website.)

Water in the earth’s atmosphere

Water is a small but important part of the earth’s atmosphere. In the tropics, the total mass of water distributed over the entire atmospheric column can be up to 70 kg / m². This corresponds to 70 mm or 7 cm above a certain surface. At the poles, the atmosphere contains negligible water.

The water in the atmosphere can exist in three phases – gas, liquid and solid. When water evaporates from a surface, it enters as a gas, commonly referred to as water vapor. When water vapor cools, a liquid condensate or solid ice forms, depending on the atmospheric temperature at which the phase change occurs. When the temperature is higher than 0 ° C, the water vapor condenses into liquid water. If the temperature is below 0 ° C, the water vapor solidifies into solid ice. Liquid water and solid ice in the atmosphere are the basic components of clouds.

Water in its three phases in the atmosphere has a profound influence on the global energy balance. All phases absorb and emit long-wave electromagnetic radiation (OLR), which is emitted from the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. The solid phase dominates the reflection of short-wave electromagnetic radiation (SWR), which reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface and is absorbed by the oceans.

Atmospheric water and radiation

At the upper end of the earth’s atmosphere, three electromagnetic radiation power flows are observed:

• Incoming short-wave solar radiation
• Reflected short-wave radiation
• Outgoing long wave radiation

The incoming solar radiation varies due to the eccentricity in the earth’s orbit over an annual cycle from 1320 W / m² to 1420 W / m². The highest solar radiation occurs at the beginning of January at the present time. The area average over the spherical surface accordingly ranges from 330 W / m² to 355 W / m².

In order for the earth to have a stable temperature, the SWR incident from the sun must be balanced up in the atmosphere by the reflected SWR and the OLR. Incoming solar radiation, however, varies over a year, resulting in energy being stored in the oceans when solar radiation is high and then released when solar radiation is lower. The high thermal inertia of the oceans dampens fluctuations in surface temperature. An additional heat storage factor results from the distribution of the water over the earth’s surface, with the maximum solar radiation occurring when the southern hemisphere with its high proportion of surface water is exposed to the highest solar radiation. Due to the variation in stored heat, the variation in atmospheric water and the global distribution of atmospheric water, it is possible to study how atmospheric water changes the total radiant power flux of the earth (the sum of the reflected SWR and OLR) over the course of the year.

To simplify the analysis, the year was taken into account at monthly intervals. The specific twelve months examined were August 2019 to July 2020. In the twelve months it was observed that the radiant power flow reached its peak in July 2020 at 360 W / m². in places where the atmospheric water was between 2 cm and 3 cm (see Figure 13). In July 2020 there was a strong upward trend in radiation output with atmospheric water averaging 4.2 W / m² / cm. This leads to the coefficient Atmospheric Water Cooling Coefficient (AWCC) mentioned here.

Figure 13: Radiant power flow over the ocean surface as a function of atmospheric water content – July 2020 (data courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory 1X1 degrees)

December 2019 also had a peak radiant power flux of 360 W / m², but the peak occurred in places where the atmospheric water was less than 1 cm (see Figure 14).

Figure 14: Radiation flux over the sea surface as a function of atmospheric water content – December 2019.

As shown in Figure 14, the AWCC for December 2009 was minus 3.3 W / m² / cm. Of the twelve months, nine had a positive cooling coefficient and three had a negative cooling coefficient. The average AWCC over the twelve months examined was 1.39 W / m² / cm, as shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Radiation flux over the sea surface as a function of the atmospheric water content – combined twelve months August 2019 to July 2020. All locations with sea ice cover during one month of the examined period are excluded.

AWCC response to sea surface temperature

When examining the variation of the AWCC over the twelve months, it became clear that the AWCC reacts to the surface temperature of the ocean. This has been tested as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16: Atmospheric water cooling coefficient recorded using the average sea surface temperature over twelve months – August 2019 to July 2020 for AWCC and July 2019 to June 2020 for SST Advanced 1 month

In Figure 16, the temperature was brought forward by a month to adjust the time of the delayed response. There is a delay between the rise in sea surface temperature and the rise in the AWCC by about 20 days, so increasing the temperature by a month allows for better alignment of the curves. Likewise, a drop in sea surface temperature leads to a decrease in the AWCC.

AWCC and “greenhouse effect”

NASA offers the following description for the “greenhouse effect”:

The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in the earth’s atmosphere trap heat from the sun. This process makes the earth much warmer than without an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes the earth a comfortable place to live.

The most important greenhouse gases are:

• Steam
• Carbon dioxide
• methane
• ozone
• Nitrous oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons

During the day the sun shines through the atmosphere. The earth’s surface warms up in sunlight. At night, the earth’s surface cools down and gives off heat back to the air. However, some of the heat is stored in the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases. This is what keeps our earth warm and cozy on average.

The data actually observed show that the total radiated energy flow of the ocean, the sum of the OLR and the reflected SWR, correlates positively with the water in the atmosphere in the twelve months examined. In fact, the atmospheric water shows a regulating response to the surface temperature of the ocean when the area average is 18.5 ° C, with the AWCC positive above this value and negative below this value.

It is further noted that, like the twelve-month overall diagram in FIG. 15 and the July diagram in FIG. 13, ten of the twelve individual months examined show an increase in the radiation power between locations with atmospheric water in the range of 5 to 5.5 cm and these places showed about 5.5 cm. This is the result of convective instability over tropical oceans.

Actual observations of the properties of water in the atmosphere contradict the assumption of the heat storage of atmospheric water, described by the “greenhouse effect”. Water in the atmosphere is not a heat trap, but a temperature regulating component that increases radiant output as the surface heats and decreases radiant output as the surface cools. Overall, atmospheric water is a coolant. Without atmospheric water, the surface of the Earth’s oceans would be warmer than the current temperature, not cooler. atmospheric water is a means of limiting surface temperature with some precision at 30 ° C (303 K).

The concept of the “greenhouse effect” shows a misunderstanding about how the average surface temperature of the earth is reached. The energy balance of the oceans, and consequently the entire earth, is mainly related to the upper and lower thermostatic limits of sea surface temperature. The surface of the 30 ° C warm pools expands and contracts when the solar radiation changes due to the eccentricity of the orbit combined with the expansion of the water surface, which is more directly exposed to the sun. Sea ice expands and contracts inversely to the warm basins, but to reduce heat loss from water under the ice due to the low thermal conductivity of the sea ice. The temperature of the sea water surface ranges from minus 2 ° C (271 K) to 30 ° C (303 K). It should come as no surprise that the average surface temperature of the globe is 14 ° C (574/2 = 287 K), as water with equatorial dominance is distributed over the polar expanse, resulting in an average sea surface temperature greater than 14 ° C and an average Land elevation of 800 m with more land leads at higher latitudes than equatorial, resulting in an average land temperature of a little less than 14 ° C.

Climate models are based on a flawed assumption. Until they can recreate the actual physics of deep convection, which is closely related to surface temperature and not to the naive parametrization of clouds, they remain nothing more than advanced weather models with useful forecasting capabilities of a few days.

Data sources

https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=CERES_LWFLUX_Mhttps://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=CERES_SWFLUX_Mhttps://neo.sci.gs. nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MYD28Mhttps://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MYD28M

I’ve been using these sets for many months. All charts and images are created independently, that is, images not copied from these links.

There is also data from the moored buoys that I am referring to: https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/drupal/disdel/

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